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Installing Ubuntu with a Software RAID1 configuration

In this post I will be showing you how you can install a fresh copy of Ubuntu on a server using two Hard disk drives either ATA or SATA drives, I would recommend using proper server hardware as if one of the HDD controllers fail then you still wont be able to reboot your server immediately. For thoses who are not familiar RAID1 mirrors data identically over two (or more) hard disks.

1. Firstly enter your Ubuntu Server Compact disk into the CD-ROM tray and boot the server with it, When you get to the Partioning options menu you will need to select ‘Manual’ like shown below:

2. Next I created 3 partitions on both disks: 8 GB for /, 500 MB for swap and the remaining space for /home. Please note that at this stage the partition types must be “physical volume for RAID” (0xFD in fdisk) instead of “Ext3 journaling file system”. Also note how the first partitions of both disks are marked bootable (the B flag in picture 4). Without setting those partitions bootable you might not be able to boot your computer without a CD!

3. Setting partition type and bootable flag, Next I went up and selected “Configure software RAID” (picture 4).

4.Two disks with partitions for RAID1 volumes, Next I saved the modifications made to the partition tables (picture 5).

5. Saving the changes, Next I created three (3) MD devices (each configured as RAID1 with 2 active and 0 hotspace disks — pictures 6-9).

6. Creating new MD devices.

7. RAID1 = mirror.

8. Two active devices.

9. No spare devices, Next I selected the physical disk partitions to be included in the RAID1 set (picture 10). It’s important to select two partitions with identical sizes so in my case md0=sda1+sbd1, md1=sda2+sdb2 and md2=sda3+sdb3.

10. Selecting MD components, Next I configured file systems and mount points for each RAID device. In my case “RAID device #0” is ext3 mounted on /, “RAID device #1” is swap and “RAID device #2” is ext3 mounted on /home (pictures 11-15).

11. File systems created on the RAID devices.

12. / filesystem created on the RAID device #0

13. swap created on the RAID device #1

14. /home filesystem created on the RAID device #2

15. All file systems configured, Finally I went down and selected “Done setting up the partitions” and selected “Yes” to write the changes made to the partition table (picture 16). From this point on the Ubuntu installation is a normal installation.

16. Saving the changes.

After installation and the first reboot I installed grub also on the second disk’s (/dev/sdb) master boot record (MBR). Without this the PC will not start if the first disk (/dev/sda) fails and is removed from the PC.

martti@ubuntu:~$ sudo grub-install /dev/sda

martti@ubuntu:~$ sudo grub
grub> device (hd0) /dev/sdb
grub> root (hd0,0)
grub> setup (hd0)
grub> quit

WARNING: There is a serious bug in Ubuntu 7.10 (see this and this for details) which makes the boot fail if one of the physical disks in the RAID1 set is missing.

Testing it out..

After installation I verified that all file systems (/, swap and /home) are really on the RAID1 disks.

martti@ubuntu:~$ grep /dev/md /etc/fstab
/dev/md0        /               ext3    defaults,errors=remount-ro 0       1
/dev/md2        /home           ext3    defaults        0       2
/dev/md1        none            swap    sw              0       0

martti@ubuntu:~$ df -h / /home
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/md0              7.4G  586M  6.4G   9% /
/dev/md2               12G  159M   12G   2% /home

The status of all RAID devices can be checked from the /proc/mdstat file. Each mdN device contains two sdXN disks and each mdN device should have “2/2” and “UU”. More details can be seen with the mdadm utility.

martti@ubuntu:~$ cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10]
md2 : active raid1 sda3[0] sdb3[1]
      12659136 blocks [2/2] [UU]

md1 : active raid1 sda2[0] sdb2[1]
      489856 blocks [2/2] [UU]

md0 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdb1[1]
      7815488 blocks [2/2] [UU]

unused devices: <none>

martti@ubuntu:~$ sudo mdadm --query --detail /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
        Version : 00.90.03
  Creation Time : Wed Oct 17 16:45:59 2007
     Raid Level : raid1
     Array Size : 7815488 (7.45 GiB 8.00 GB)
  Used Dev Size : 7815488 (7.45 GiB 8.00 GB)
   Raid Devices : 2
  Total Devices : 2
Preferred Minor : 0
    Persistence : Superblock is persistent

    Update Time : Wed Oct 17 15:16:18 2007
          State : active
 Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
 Failed Devices : 0
  Spare Devices : 0

           UUID : 1760de71:d6ca4125:8324c8dc:300ec7e1
         Events : 0.11

    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       0       8        1        0      active sync   /dev/sda1
       1       8       17        1      active sync   /dev/sdb1

Recovering from a failed disk..

Next I simulated a disk failure by disconnecting /dev/sdb. The system still boots but the status shows /dev/sdb1, /dev/sdb2 and /dev/sdb3 have disappeared from the system and how the /dev/mdN is marked as “degraded” in the status field.

martti@ubuntu:~$ cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10]
md2 : active raid1 sda3[0]
      12659136 blocks [2/2] [U_]

md1 : active raid1 sda2[0]
      489856 blocks [2/2] [U_]

md0 : active raid1 sda1[0]
      7815488 blocks [2/2] [U_]

unused devices: <none>

martti@ubuntu:~$ sudo mdadm --query --detail /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
        Version : 00.90.03
  Creation Time : Wed Oct 17 16:45:59 2007
     Raid Level : raid1
     Array Size : 7815488 (7.45 GiB 8.00 GB)
  Used Dev Size : 7815488 (7.45 GiB 8.00 GB)
   Raid Devices : 2
  Total Devices : 1
Preferred Minor : 0
    Persistence : Superblock is persistent

    Update Time : Wed Oct 17 15:16:18 2007
          State : active, degraded
 Active Devices : 1
Working Devices : 1
 Failed Devices : 0
  Spare Devices : 0

           UUID : 1760de71:d6ca4125:8324c8dc:300ec7e1
         Events : 0.11

    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       0       8        1        0      active sync   /dev/sda1
       1       0        0        -      removed

Next I reconnected the disk and instructed the system to rebuild itself. After rebuild everything was ok again.

martti@ubuntu:~$ sudo mdadm --add /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1
mdadm: hot added /dev/sdb1

martti@ubuntu:~$ sudo mdadm --add /dev/md1 /dev/sdb2
mdadm: hot added /dev/sdb2

martti@ubuntu:~$ sudo mdadm --add /dev/md2 /dev/sdb3
mdadm: hot added /dev/sdb3

martti@ubuntu:~$ cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1]
md2 : active raid1 sdb3[2] sda3[0]
      12659136 blocks [2/1] [U_]
      	resync=DELAYED

md1 : active raid1 sda2[0] sdb2[1]
      489856 blocks [2/2] [UU]

md0 : active raid1 sdb1[2] sda1[0]
      7815488 blocks [2/1] [U_]
      [>....................]  recovery =  2.8% (215168/7815488) finish=16.2min speed=9780K/sec

unused devices: <none>

That’s it.